Biological sex determination

The nuclei of human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46. There are 22 pairs of autosomes and one and 2 sex chromosomes.

Chromosomes are long, stringy aggregates of genes that carry heredity information and are located within the nucleus of our cells, whether you are a male or female depends on the presence or absence of certain chromosomes, also they  determine physical characteristics , everything from skin, hair, eye color and also hereditary disease conditions.

Sex chromosomes are particular chromosomes that are involved in determining the sex of an organism. The sex chromosomes are the X chromosome and the Y chromosome.

Eggs and sperm, as reproductive cells, each contain only one of the two sex chromosomes, what sex a baby will be is decided when the egg and sperm unite.

Eggs carry only an X and sperm carry either an X or a Y, if an egg is fertilized by a sperm carrying an X chromosome an XX or female embryo will result, while fertilization of the egg by a Y-bearing sperm will produce an XY or male embryo.

Summarizing: The sex of an individual is determined by which paternal sex chromosome (X or Y) is inherited at fertilization.

X+X means the cell will develop into a girl.
X+Y means that it will develop into a boy.

Marriage

May my heart be your shelter, and my arms be your home. ~ Marianne Williamson

Chains do not hold a marriage together.  It is threads, hundreds of tiny threads which sew people together through the years. ~Simone Signoret

Like good wine, marriage gets better with age - once you learn to keep a cork in it.  ~Gene Perret

A good marriage is the union of two good forgivers.~ Ruth Bell Graham

A great marriage is not when the 'perfect couple' come together. It is when an imperfect couple learns to enjoy their differences. ~ Dave Meurer

You come to love not by finding the perfect person, but by seeing an imperfect person perfectly. ~Sam Keen

Happy marriages begin when we marry the ones we love, and they blossom when we love the ones we marry. ~ Tom Mullen

Childs - Gifts from God

QUOTES ABOUT CHILDS

Every child comes with the message that God is not yet discouraged of man.  

~Rabindranath Tagore

 We worry about what a child will become tomorrow, yet we forget that he is someone today. 

~Stacia Tauscher

 A child can ask questions that a wise man cannot answer.

 ~Author Unknown

Children need love, especially when they do not deserve it.  

~Harold Hulbert

 In every real man a child is hidden that wants to play.

 ~Friedrich Nietzsche

The world always looks brighter from behind a smile

Everytime you smile at someone, it is an action of love, a gift to that person, a beautiful thing.  ~Mother Teresa

A smile costs nothing but gives much.  It enriches those who receive without making poorer those who give.  It takes but a moment, but the memory of it sometimes lasts forever.  None is so rich or mighty that he cannot get along without it and none is so poor that he cannot be made rich by it.  Yet a smile cannot be bought, begged, borrowed, or stolen, for it is something that is of no value to anyone until it is given away.  Some people are too tired to give you a smile.  Give them one of yours, as none needs a smile so much as he who has no more to give.  ~Author Unknown 
A Bit Of Happiness - Poem & soft music

Stand by me

When the night has come
And the land is dark
And the moon is the only light we see
No I won't be afraid
No I won't be afraid
Just as long as you stand, stand by me 

 - John Lennon -

I am your lady and you are my man

"The most eloquent silence; that of two mouths meeting in a kiss.

~ Unknown

                                                               

Soul meets soul on lover's lips.

~ By Percy Bysshe Shelly ~

Assessment of Fetal Compromise by Doppler Ultrasound

Fetal ultrasound (also called a sonogram, echogram, scan or Obstetric Ultrasound ) is the use of ultrasound diagnosis in pregnancy, it is a test that uses reflected sound waves to produce a picture of a fetus, the organ that nourishes the fetus (placenta) and the liquid that surrounds the fetus (amniotic fluid). The picture is displayed on a TV screen and may be in black and white or in color. It is the safest way to check for problems and get information about your fetus, such as its size and position. It does not use X-rays or other types of radiation that may harm your fetus. It can be done as early as the 5th week of pregnancy.

Ultrasound scan is currently considered to be a safe, non-invasive, accurate and cost-effective investigation in the fetus. It has progressively become an indispensible obstetric tool and plays an important role in the care of every pregnant woman, it is used to identify many conditions that would be harmful to the mother and the baby.

There are different types of ultrasound exams. They are differentiated by the purpose for which they are done and the level of detail obtained

Doppler ultrasound has been used in almost every medical discipline to study blood flow in diseases where an alteration of this dynamic system is anticipated, it is a special form of ultrasound that uses sound waves to measure the velocity of blood flow.

This technique has been used for studying most of the major fetal circulatory systems, including the umbilical artery (UA, umbilical vein, aorta, heart, and middle cerebral artery . Doppler sonography provides a unique opportunity to investigate human fetal hemodynamics and to use these findings for fetal surveillance. Abnormal waveforms from Doppler ultrasound may indicate poor fetal prognosis.

Doppler sonography during pregnancy is used for non-invasive assessing and monitoring of the fetus well-being, its progression especially those complicated by hypertension or presumed of intrauterine growth restriction and diagnosis of cardiac malformations.

The use of Doppler ultrasound in high risk pregnancies improves obstetric care outcomes and helps to reducing perinatal deaths.

It is important to understand that this technique is very different to the hand-held fetal doppler device that you rent to take home or wherever you go to enjoy and share with your family listening your babys heart-beat an movements.

If your Doctor assessed that you are in a high risk pregnancy, ask him if it would be advisable to have a fetal Doppler study. It might save your babys life.

"Spread love everywhere you go"

First of all in your own house. Give love to your children, to your wife or husband, to a next door neighbor...

Let no one ever come to you without leaving better and happier.

Be the living expression of God's kindness; kindness in your face, kindness in your eyes, kindness in your smile, kindness in your warm greeting.

-Mother Theresa

Love quote

No man is truly married

until he understands

every word his wife is NOT saying.

~ by Unknown ~

Benj Franklin - Quote

A slip of the foot you may soon recover, but a slip of the tongue you may never get over.
Benjamin Franklin

Lover of life

The lover of life makes the whole world into his family, just as the lover of the fair sex creates his from all the lovely women he has found, from those that could be found, and those who are impossible to find.
Author: Charles Baudelaire 1821-1867, French Poet

Menstrual cycle - Ovulation - Conception

Menstrual cycle - Ovulation - Conception

The menstruation, that is to say, the detachment of the internal coating of the uterus (the endometrium) accompanied of hemorrhage, it takes place in cycles approximately monthly, until the woman is embarrassed. It marks the reproductive years of the life of the woman, which they extend from the beginning of the menstruation (menarquía) and continue during the puberty up to menopause.

For definition, the first day of hemorrhage is the beginning of every menstrual cycle (the 1st), which finishes just before the following menstruation. The menstrual cycles lasts between 21 and 40 days and only 10 or 15 per cent they are exactly 28 days. The intervals between the periods are more prolonged in the years immediately. The menstrual cycle divides in three phases: folicular, ovulatory and leuteínic.

In the menstrual normal cycle an ovum is liberated of one of the ovaries about the 14th before the following menstruation. The liberation of the ovum is named an ovulation. The ovum reaches the end in the shape of funnel of one of the Fallopian tubes, where it is possible to produce the fertilization, and is transported up to the uterus. If it is not fertilized, the ovum degenerates and is eliminated across the uterus in the following menstrual period. If, on the contrary, a sperm manages to penetrate in the ovum and fertilizes it, this one begins to turn into embryo by means of a series of cellular divisions.